Difference between revisions of "The effects of helminths on the immune system"
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Revision as of 05:56, 2 April 2018
The effect that helminthsAn intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminths Wikipedia:Helminths] have on the immune system is complex and more a case of subtle modulation (balancing or quieting) than of suppression. This is achieved by employing an orchestra of chemicals that are excreted/secreted by the worms with the primary intention of keeping them and their host alive and well for as long as possible. The benefits derived by the host as a result of this activity include a reduction of inflammation and the prevention of allergy and autoimmune disease.
What is known about what helminthsAn intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminths Wikipedia:Helminths] do is summarised as follows.

However, we need to bear in mind that understanding of exactly how helminthsAn intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminths Wikipedia:Helminths] produce these effects is still limited. As Elliott & Weinstock have said,

People considering the use of helminthic therapyThe reintroduction to the digestive tract of a controlled number of specially domesticated, mutualistic helminths (intestinal worms) in the form of microscopic eggs or larvae to reconstitute a depleted biome to treat or prevent chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and other immune-related disorders, including allergy. are frequently concerned that the treatment might not be appropriate for them depending on whether they have a condition known to be associated with a Th1 or a Th2 response,[16] but parasiticAn organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits at the host’s expense. (The organisms used in helminthic therapy are, strictly speaking, not parasites, but mutualists, because they have a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their hosts.) infections increase the population of regulatory T-cells, or TREGs,[17] which control the excesses of both Th1 and Th2 cells, and the extracellular vesicles secreted by many nematodesA category of worms with slender, unsegmented, cylindrical bodies that include roundworms and threadworms. generate potent suppression of both type 1 and type 2 immune-response-associated molecules.[18]

Furthermore, helminth infection can result in the production of hybrid Th2/1 cells which express both Th2 and Th1 cytokines.[20]
As a result of these, and perhaps other yet-to-be-identified means, helminthsAn intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminths Wikipedia:Helminths] are able to ameliorate both allergies and autoimmune diseases.
Another common concern is that helminthic therapyThe reintroduction to the digestive tract of a controlled number of specially domesticated, mutualistic helminths (intestinal worms) in the form of microscopic eggs or larvae to reconstitute a depleted biome to treat or prevent chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and other immune-related disorders, including allergy. might reduce a host’s ability to fight other types of infection but, far from making the immune system lazy or less effective, helminthsAn intestinal worm which grows large enough to be seen with the naked eye when mature but which is microscopic when administered in helminthic therapy. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminths Wikipedia:Helminths] actually make it smarter.

See also
References
- ↑ Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?
- ↑ Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths.
- ↑ Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms.
- ↑ Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection.
- ↑ Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
- ↑ Schistosoma japonicum infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice.
- ↑ Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model.
- ↑ Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells.
- ↑ Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation.
- ↑ Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders.
- ↑ Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks.
- ↑ Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis.
- ↑ Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases.
- ↑ Th1/Th2 Model for helper T cells
- ↑ Regulatory T cells in Parasite Infection
- ↑ Extracellular Vesicles from a Helminth Parasite Suppress Macrophage Activation and Constitute an Effective Vaccine for Protective Immunity
- ↑ Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer
- ↑ Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells
- ↑ The New (Ancient) Cure for Immune Disorders